A religious organization recruited him to help open New York City's first independent abortion clinic, though it was unaware that Louisiana had taken away his license.
The F.D.A. approved an artificial vessel to restore blood flow in patients, despite its own scientists flagging questionable study results and potentially fatal ruptures of the product.
Senior scientists at the National Institutes of Health fear that research on conditions like obesity, heart disease and cancer will be undermined by President Trump's policies.
Children's Health Defense, founded by the health secretary, had published online a vaccine-safety page that looked like the agency's but that suggested links to autism.
Married to Gov. Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts, she became a proponent of electroshock therapy after unsuccessful treatments for alcoholism and depression.